Endnotes
Executive Summary
1. Rhode Island’s smokefree air legislation is effective March 1, 2005. Exemptions include 50 percent of hotel/motel rooms, retail tobacco stores, smoking bars, and facilities with Class C & D liquor licenses with no more than 10 employees until October 1, 2006.
2. Whincup, PH, Gilg JA, Emberson JR et. al. Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement BJM, 2004; 329:200-205.
3. Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. BMJ. 2004;328:977-980.
4. Helena, MT’s smokefree ordinance was in effect June 2002 through December 2002. In December 2002, a city judge in Helena ruled the ordinance unconstitutional because it did not provide for a jury trial upon violation.
5. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. US Dep’t of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2004
6. Pechacek TF, Babb S. How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? BMJ. 2004;328;980-983.
7. Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981-2000. J Health Econ. 2003;22:843-859.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effect of ending an anti-tobacco youth campaign on adolescent susceptibility to cigarette smoking—Minnesota 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:301-304.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth risk behavior surveillance system, unpublished data from Maine.
10. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. CDC, NCCDPHP, OSH, 2004
11. Ribisi KM, Williams RS, Kim AE. Internet sales of cigarettes to minors. JAMA. 2003:290:1356-1359.
12. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. CDC, NCCDPHP, OSH, 2004
Introduction & Key Findings
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office on Smoking and Health. Summary 2004. Targeting tobacco use: the nation’s leading cause of death 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/overview/oshsummary2004.htm. Accessed November 11, 2004.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette smoking among adults—United States 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:427-431.
3. Shopland DR, Gerlach KK, Burns DM, Hartman AM, Gibson JT. State-specific trends in smoke-free workplace policy coverage: the current population survey tobacco use supplement, 1993 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med. 2001;43:680-686.
4. US Dep’t of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Dep’t of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.
5. Ibid.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:300-303.
7. USDHSS. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General 2004. USDHHS, CDC, NCCPHP, OSH, 2004
8. Ibid.
9. CDC. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—U.S. 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004; 53: 427-431.
10. Ibid.
11. Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981-2000. J Health Econ. 2003;22:843-859.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Declines in Lung Cancer Rates—California, 1988-1997 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:1066.
13. Massachusetts Dep’t of Public Health: Bureau of Substance Abuse Services, Office of Statistics and Evaluation. Massachusetts youth health survey: alcohol, drug and cigarette use among school age children, October 2002.
14. Maryland Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, Family Health Administration. Monitoring changes tobacco use behaviors in Maryland, Maryland tobacco surveys of 2000 and 2002. March 2004.
15. Barnoya J, Glantz S. Association of the California tobacco control program with declines in lung cancer incidence. Cancer Causes Control. 2004;15:689-695.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effect of ending an antitobacco youth campaign on adolescent susceptibility to cigarette smoking—Minnesota 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53:301-304.
17. Reuell P. State blames store for tobacco sales to kids. Metro West Daily News (Framingham, MA), March 17, 2004. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreemass.org/compliance.php.
18. The Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 1997 and 2003.
19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Tobacco Information and Prevention Source (TIPS). Tobacco use in the United States. January 27, 2004.
20. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Monograph Series. Tobacco Smoke and involuntary smoking, Volume 83, 1986.
21. US Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: lung cancer & other disorders. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Research and Development. 1992.
22. Ibid.
23. Mannino DM, Siegel M, Husten C, Rose D, Etzel R. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and health effects in children: results from the 1991 National Health Interview Survey. Tob Control. 1996;5:13-18.
24. California Environmental Protection Agency. Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. September 1997.
25. Pechacek TF, Babb S. How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? BMJ. 2004;328;980-983.
26. Hammond SK. Exposure of U.S. workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107(suppl 2):329-340.
27. Shopland DR, Anderson CM, Burns DM, Gerlach KK. Disparities in smoke-free workplace policies among food service workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46:347-56.
28. State and Local Legislative Action to Reduce Tobacco Use. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 11. Bethesda, MD: US Dept of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, August 2000. Siegel M. Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace: a review of employee exposure and health effects. JAMA. 1993;270:490-493.
29. Gerlach KK, Shopland DR, Hartman AM, Gibson JT, Pechacek TF. Workplace smoking policies in the United States: results from a national survey of more than 100,000 workers. Tob Control. 1997;6:199-206.
30. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2000.
31. Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced incidence of admissions for myocardial infarction associated with public smoking ban: before and after study. BMJ. 2004;328:977-980.
32. National Cancer Institute. Population based smoking cessation: proceedings of a conference on what works to influence cessation in the general population, smoking and tobacco control monograph 12. NIH Pub. 00-4892, November 2000.
33. Bureau of Economic and Business Research. The economic impact of Florida’s smoke-free air law. June 2004. Available at: http://www.smokefreeforhealth.org/pdf/economic%20study.pdf.
34. 2003 data from Delaware Department of Public Health and the Alcohol Beverage Control Commission.
35. New York City Dep’t of Finance, New York City Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City Dep’t of Small business Services, New York City Economic Development Corp. The state of smoke-free New York City: a one-year review. March 2004. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/pdf/smoke/sfaa-2004repport.pdf.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:300-303.
37. New York City Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2004. Available at: http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/public/press04/pr052-0512.html
38. Ibid.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Response to increases in cigarette prices by race/ethnicity, income, and age groups--United States, 1976-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47:605-609
40. New York City Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, 2004. Available at: http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/public/press04/pr052-0512.html
41. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overview of findings from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2003.
42. US Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette report for 2002. October 2004.
43. Ibid.
44. Tauras J, et al. Effects of price and access laws on teenage smoking initiation: a national longitudinal analysis. Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen. April 24, 2001.
45. Ribisi KM, Williams RS, Kim AE. Internet sales of cigarettes to minors. JAMA. 2003:290:1356-1359.
46. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.
47. Delaware Dep’t of Children, Youth and Their Families.
48. Themba-Nixon M. Are jurisdictions with significant concentrations of communities of color more or less likely to have tobacco control ordinances? Washington, DC: The Praxis Project, November 2002.
49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Costs (SAMMEC) database.
Methodology
1. California actually received 39 points and New York 37 points because of extra points awarded in certain categories, but the grading system is based on a maximum of 4 points in each of the categories..
2. Data on local ordinances is provided by Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation.
3. There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by 4% in adults and 7% in children. Tauras, J., et al., "Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis," Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51(14) April 12, 2002.
Regional Analysis
1. Rhode Island’s smokefree air legislation is effective March 1, 2005. Exemptions include 50 percent of hotel/motel rooms, retail tobacco stores, smoking bars, and facilities with Class C & D liquor licenses with no more than 10 employees until October 1, 2006.
2. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene report, it can be found at: http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/html/public/press04/pr052-0512.html.
3. Indiana Youth Tobacco Survey, Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation, Press Release: Youth Smoking Rates in IN Down 26 Percent. September 2003.
4. Huang, P., De A.K., McCusker, M.E., Impact of a Smoking Ban on Restaurant and Bar Revenues - El Paso, Texas, 2002, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) February 2004, 53(07): 150-152. |
