Footnotes:

Overview
1.  Florida, Minnesota, Mississippi and Texas settled their cases separately.
Key Findings
2.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Annual Smoking Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life
Lost, And Economic Cost- U.S. 1995-1999. Vol. 51(14); April 12, 2002.
3.  CDC, Office on Smoking and Health, “Reducing the Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General”, 1989.
4.  National Vital Statistics Report. Smoking During Pregnancy in 1990s. Vol. 49 (7); August 2001.
5.  Environmental Protection Agency, “Respiratory Effects of Passive Smoking” December 1992.
6.  California’s Tobacco Control Program: Preventing Tobacco Related Disease and Death; Tobacco Control Section, California Department of Health Services,
April 3, 1998.
7.  Massachusetts Department of Public Health: Bureau of Substance Abuse Services, Office of Statistics and Evaluation, “Massachusetts Youth Health Survey:
Alcohol, Drug, and Cigarette Use Among School Age Children, October 2002”
8.  Significant funding represents 90% or more of the minimum recommendation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
9.  States that have securitized: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota,
Washington and Wisconsin. States that have enabling legislation to allow for securitization: Illinois, Florida, Georgia, Kansas and Virginia.
10.  Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids calculation based on data from Orzechowski & Walker, Tax Burden on Tobacco (2002).
11.  The Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 1997 and 2001.
12.  International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Monograph Series, Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, Volume 83.
13.  California Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, September, 1997.
14.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer & Other Disorders. Washington, D.C.: EPA Office
of Research and Development.
15.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report—Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and
Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51(14) April 12, 2002.
16.  Grossman, Michael, Chalupka, Frank et al., “Cigarette Taxes: The Straw to Break the Camel’s Back.” Public Health Reports, Vol. 112
17.  CDC, “Response to Increase in Cigarette Prices by Race/Ethnicity, Income and Age Groups - United States, 1976-1993,” MMWR, Vol. 47, No. 29.
18.  Gilpin, E., Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999, 25, 248-255, October 1999. Young people is defined as ages 11 to 20.
19.  Preventing Tobacco Use Among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1994.
20.  Chaloupka, F.J. & R. Pacula, An Examination of Gender and Race Differences in Youth Smoking Responsiveness to Price and Tobacco Control Policies, National
Bureau of Economic Research, working paper (April 1998); Harris, J.E. & S.W. Chan, “The Continuum-of-Addiction: Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Price
Among Americans Aged 15-29,” Health Economics Letters 2(2) 3-12 (February 1998); Evans, W.N. & L.X. Huang, Cigarette Taxes and Teen Smoking: New
Evidence from Panels of Repeated Cross-Sections, working paper (April 15, 1998). On enforcing youth-sales laws, see, e.g., Forster J.L. et al. “The Effects of
Community Policies to Reduce Youth Access to Tobacco.” American Journal of Public Health 88: 1193-1198 (1998); Jason, L.A., et al., “Active Enforcement of
Cigarette Control Laws in the Prevention of Cigarette Sales to Minors.” Journal of the American Medical Association 266(22): 3159-3161 (December 11, 1991).
21.  Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.
22.  The Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 1997 and 2001.
23.  Bidis or beedies are small, flavored, filterless cigarettes made in India that have gained popularity among America’s teenagers. They consist of shredded tobacco
rolled in dried tendu leaves (a broad-leafed plant native to India) and are secured with string.
Methodology
1.  California actually received 39 points due to extra points awarded in certain categories, but the grading system is based on a maximum of 4 points in
each of the nine categories
2.  There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10% percent increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by 4% in adults
and 7% in children. Tauras, J., et al., “Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis,” Bridging the Gap
Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
3.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and
Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51(14) April 12, 2002.