Footnotes
Executive Report
1. CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost and economic costs—United States, 1995-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 51 (14), April 2002.
2. CDC. Cigarette Smoking-Attributable Morbidity—United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 52 (35), September 2003.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, 2001.
4. Kurt M. Ribisl, Rebecca S. Williams, and Annice E. Kim, Internet Sales of Cigarettes to Minors, JAMA 290: 1356- 1359.
Introduction & Key Findings
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults—U.S. 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 52 (40), October 2003.
2. Shopland, D. et al. State-Specific Trends in Smoke-Free Workplace Policy Coverage: The Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement, 1993 to 1999. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 43 (8), Aug. 2001.
3. CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost and economic costs—United States, 1995-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 51 (14), April 2002.
4. CDC. Cigarette Smoking-Attributable Morbidity—United States, 2000. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 52 (35), September 2003.
5. Ibid.
6. Research Triangle Institute, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Illinois-Chicago, "The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981-2000." Journal of Health Economics, September 2003.
7. California’s Tobacco Control Program: Preventing Tobacco Related Disease and Death; Tobacco Control Section, California Department of Health Services, April 3, 1998.
8. Massachusetts Department of Public Health: Bureau of Substance Abuse Services, Office of Statistics and Evaluation, "Massachusetts Youth Health Survey: Alcohol, Drug, and Cigarette Use Among School Age Children, October 2002."
9. Maryland Department of Education. Maryland Adolescent Survey 2002.
10. Significant funding represents 90 percent or more of the minimum recommendation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
11. States that have securitized: Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, Washington and Wisconsin. States that have enabling legislation to allow for securitization: Florida, Georgia, Illinois and Kansas.
12. National Cancer Institute. State and Local Legislative Action to Reduce Tobacco Use. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 11. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, August 2000; Siegel, M. Involuntary Smoking in the Restaurant Workplace: A Review of Employee Exposure and Health Effects. Journal of the American Medical Association 270(4): 490-493, 1993.
13. The Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey for 1997 and 2003.
14. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Monograph Series, Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, Volume 83.
15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1992). Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer & Other Disorders.Washington, D.C.: EPA Office of Research and Development.
16. Ibid.
17. California Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke, September, 1997.
18. Hammond S. Exposure of U.S. workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107(suppl 2):329-40.
19. Gerlach, K.K. [et al.]. Workplace Smoking Policies in the United States: Results from a National Survey of More than 100,000 Workers, Tobacco Control 1997; 6: 199-206.
20. Ibid.
21. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2000.
22. National Cancer Institute, Population Based Smoking Cessation: Proceedings of a Conference on What Works to Influence Cessation in the General Population, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 12, NIH Pub. No. 00-4892, November 2000.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report—Annual Smoking Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51 (14) April 12, 2002.
24. There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by 4% in adults and smoking by 7% in children. Tauras, J., et al., "Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis," Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
25. CDC, "Response to Increase in Cigarette Prices by Race/Ethnicity, Income and Age Groups—United States, 1976-1993," MMWR, Vol. 47, No. 29.
26. States who passed cigarette tax increases in 2003: Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, DC (1/1/03), Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas (1/1/03), Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia and Wyoming.
27. States with cigarette excise taxes over $1.00: Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington.
28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Overview of findings from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2003.
29. U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Cigarette Report for 2001, June 12, 2003.
30. Ibid.
31. Chalopka, F.J. & R. Pacula. An Examination of Gender and Race Differences in Youth Smoking Responsiveness to Price and Tobacco Control Policies. National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper (April 1998); Harris, J.E. & S.W. Chan. The Continuum of Addiction: Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Price Among Americans Aged 15-29, Health Economics Letters Vol. 2(2) (Feb. 1998); Evans, W.N. & L.X. Huang. Cigarette Taxes and Teen Smoking: New Evidence from Panels of Repeated Cross-Sections, working paper (April 15, 1998). On enforcing youth-sales laws, see e.g. Forster J.L. et al. The Effects of Community Policies to Reduce Youth Access to Tobacco. American Journal of Public Health 88: 1193-1198 (1998); Jason, L.A. et al. Active Enforcement of Cigarette Control Laws in the Prevention of Cigarette Sales to Minors. Journal of the American Medical Association Vol 266(22):3159-3161 (December 11, 1991).
32. Kurt M. Ribisl, Rebecca S. Williams, and Annice E. Kim Internet Sales of Cigarettes to Minors, JAMA 290: 1356-1359.
33. Bidis or beedies are small, flavored, filterless cigarettes made in India that have gained popularity among America’s teenagers. They consist of shredded tobacco rolled in dried tendu leaves (a broad-leafed plant native to India) and are secured with string.
34. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002.
35. U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Cigarette Report for 2001, June 12, 2003.
36. Delaware Department of Health and Social Services-Division of Alcoholism, Drug Abuse and Mental Health.
37. Themba-Nixon, M. Are Jurisdictions with Significant Concentrations of Communities of Color More or Less Likely to Have Tobacco Control Ordinances? Washington, DC: The Praxis Project, November 2002.
38. CDC Smoking Attributable Mortality, Morbidity and Economic Costs (SAMMEC) Database.
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, unpublished youth data from Maine.
Methodology
1. California actually received 40 points, Delaware received 39 points and New York 37 points due to extra points awarded in certain categories, but the grading system is based on a maximum of 4 points in each of the nine categories.
2. Data on local ordinances is provided by Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation.
3. There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10% increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by 4% in adults and 7% in children. Tauras, J., et al., "Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis," Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51(14) April 12, 2002.
Regional Analysis
1. Regions based on U.S. Health and Human Services regional breakdown.
2. The Lexington ordinance is facing a court challenge. |
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