State of Tobacco Control 2005: Footnotes

American Lung Association--Improving Life, One Breath at a Time

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Footnotes

Executive Summary

1. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004; and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality,Years of Potential Life Lost and Productivity Losses * United States, 1997-2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2005;54:625-628.

2. Survey of New York City registered voters 2004.

3. Gallup News Service. “Increased Support for Smoking Bans in Public Places.” July 20, 2005.

4. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004.

5. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene report, it can be found at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.

6. Oklahoma State Department of Health http://www.health.state.ok.us/program/hpromo/news/smokerates.html.

7. States with cigarette excise taxes at or over $1.00: Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Washington.

8. Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi. 2005. Available at: http://www.healthy-miss.org/pressroom.php.

9. National Youth Smoking Cessation 12-Month Follow-up Survey of 17-26 year old smokers: n = 1,603; Assessing Hard Core Smoking Survey of adult smokers 25 years and older: n = 867. Obtained from: Gary A. Giovino, Jun Yang, Cindy Tworek, K. Michael Cummings, Richard J. O’Connor, Kathleen Donohue, Dianne Barker, Larry Hawk. “Use of Flavored Cigarettes Among Older Adolescent and Adult Smokers: United States

10. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28, DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062). Rockville, MD.

Introduction & Key Findings

1. Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette Report for 2003, Issued 2005.

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2004.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – U.S. 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54(44); 1121-1124.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – U.S. 2000; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51(29); 642-645.

5. Tauras, John A., et. al. State Tobacco Control Spending and Youth Smoking. American Journal of Public Health. February 2005, Vol 95, No. 2.

6. Ibid.

7. Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi. 2005. Available at: http://www.healthy-miss.org/pressroom.php .

8. Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981-2000. J Health Econ. 2003;22:843-859.

9. Farrelly, Matthew, et. al., Evidence of a Dose-Response Relationship Between “truth” Antismoking Ads and Youth Smoking Prevalence, American Journal of Public Health/Vol. 95, No. 3, March 2005.

10. Emery, Sherry, et. al., Televised State-Sponsored Antitobacco Advertising and Youth Smoking Beliefs and Behavior in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med/Vol 159, July 2005.

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effect of ending an antitobacco youth campaign on adolescent susceptibility to cigarette smoking—Minnesota 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(14);301-304.

12. Reuell P. State blames store for tobacco sales to kids. Metro West Daily News (Framingham, MA), March 17, 2004. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreemass.org/compliance.php.

13. Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data for 1997 and 2005.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Tobacco Information and Prevention Source (TIPS). Tobacco use in the United States. January 27, 2004. http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/overview/tobus_us.htm.

15. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Monograph Series. Tobacco Smoke and involuntary smoking, Volume 83, 2002 16.Behan DF, Eriksen MP, Lin Y Economic Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Society of Actuaries. March 2005.

17. National Cancer Institute. Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Report of the California Environmental Protection Agency. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 10. Bethesda, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, NIH Pub. No. 99-4645, 1999, http://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/tcrb/monographs/10/index.html .

18. Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Emberson JR et al. Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke: Prospective Study with Cotinine Measurement. British Medical Journal, 2004;329:200-205.

19. Pechacek TF, Babb S. How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? BMJ. 2004;328;980-983.

20. US Environmental Protection Agency. Respiratory Health Effects of Passive Smoking: Lung Cancer & Other Disorders. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Research and Development. 1992.

21. Ibid.

22. American Legacy Foundation, Secondhand Smoke: Youth Exposure and Adult Attitudes, First Look Report 14, January 2005.

23. Ibid.

24. CDC. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2005.

25. Hammond SK. Exposure of U.S. workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Environ Health Perspect. 1999;107(suppl 2):329-340.

26. Shopland DR, Gerlach KK, Burns DM, Hartman AM, Gibson JT. State-Specific Trends in Smokefree Workplace Policy Coverage: the Current Population Tobacco Use Supplement, 1993 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:680-686.

27. Shopland DR, Anderson CM, Burns DM, Gerlach KK. Disparities in smoke-free workplace policies among food service workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46:347-56.

28. Siegel M and Skeer M. Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the “5 B’s”: bars, bowling alleys, billiard halls, betting establishments and bingo parlors. Tobacco Control 2003; 12; 333-338.

29. Siegel M. Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace: a review of employee exposure and health effects. JAMA. 1993;270:490-493.

30. State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues, as of January, 1, 2006. http://slati.lungusa.org.

31. Gerlach KK, Shopland DR, Hartman AM, Gibson JT, Pechacek TF. Workplace smoking policies in the United States: results from a national survey of more than 100,000 workers. Tob Control. 1997;6:199-206.

32. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2000.

33. National Cancer Institute. Population based smoking cessation: proceedings of a conference on what works to influence cessation in the general population, smoking and tobacco control monograph 12. NIH Pub. 00-4892, November 2000.

34. Farrelly MC, Nonemaker JM, Chou R, Hyland A, Peterson KK, Bauer UE. Changes in hospitality workers’ exposure to secondhand smoke following the implementation of New York’s smoke-free law. Tobacco Control 2005; 14: 236-241.

35. Bureau of Economic and Business Research. The economic impact of Florida’s smoke-free air law. June 2004. Available at: http://www.smokefreeforhealth.org/pdf/economic%20study.pdf.

36. 2003 data from Delaware Department of Public Health and the Alcohol Beverage Control Commission.

37. New York City Dep’t of Finance, New York City Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City Dep’t of Small business Services, New York City Economic Development Corp. The state of smoke-free New York City: a one-year review. March 2004. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/pdf/smoke/sfaa-2004repport.pdf.

38. Gallup News Service. “Increased Support for Smoking Bans in Public Places.” July 20, 2005.

39. 2005 survey of registered voters in New York City.

40. State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues, as of January, 1, 2006. Available at: http://slati.lungusa.org.

41. CDC. Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 1995-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:300-303.

42. Tauras, J., et al., “Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis,” Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.

43. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene report. 2005. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.

44. Ibid.

45. CDC. Response to increases in cigarette prices by race/ethnicity, income, and age groups—United States, 1976- 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47:605-609.

46. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Report. 2005. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.

47. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28, DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062). Rockville, MD.

48. US Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette Report for 2003. Issued 2005.

49. CDC. Tobacco Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media Among Middle School Students 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 54(12); 297-301.

50. National Youth Smoking Cessation 12-Month Follow-up Survey of 17-26 year old smokers: n = 1,603; Assessing Hard Core Smoking Survey of adult smokers 25 years and older: n = 867. Obtained from: Gary A. Giovino, Jun Yang, Cindy Tworek, K. Michael Cummings, Richard J. O’Connor, Kathleen Donohue, Dianne Barker, Larry Hawk. "Use of Flavored Cigarettes Among Older Adolescent and Adult Smokers: United States 2004." Powerpoint Presentation to the 2005 National Conference on Tobacco or Health, Chicago, IL, May 6, 2005.

51. Ribisi KM, Williams RS, Kim AE. Internet sales of cigarettes to minors. JAMA. 2003:290:1356-1359.

52. Tauras J, et al. Effects of price and access laws on teenage smoking initiation: a national longitudinal analysis. Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen. April 24, 2001.

53. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses – US, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54(25); 625-628.

54. CDC. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – United States 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54(44); 1121-1124.

55. Ibid

56. Ibid.

57. CDC. Tobacco Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media Among Middle School Students – United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005/54(12);297-301.

Methodology

1. California actually received 39 points and New York 37 points because of extra points awarded in certain categories, but the grading system is based on a maximum of four points in each of the categories.

2. Data on local ordinances is provided by Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation.

3. There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by four percent in adults and seven percent in children. Tauras, J., et al., “Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis,” Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999 51(14) April 12, 2002.

Regional Analysis

1. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene report, it can be found at:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.

2. California Department of Health Services, 2005. Available at:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/tobacco/documents/PressRelease05-22-05.pdf.

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