Footnotes
Executive Summary
1. U. S. Department of Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2004; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—US, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54(25):625-628.
2. Tobacco-Free Kids Action Fund and Common Cause. Campaign Contributions by Tobacco Interests AnnualReport: September 2006. http://tobaccofreeaction.org/contributions/september2006/september2006.pdf.
3. The Institute on Money in State Politics. For more information please see http://www.followthemoney.org/database/IndustryTotals.phtml?i=143&s=0 .
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Productivity Losses—US, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54(25): 625-628.
5. Hammond SK. Exposure of U.S. Workers to Environmental Tobacco Smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107(supp. 2):329-340.
6. Shopland DR, Gerlach KK, Burns DM, Hartman AM, Gibson JT. State-Specific Trends in Smokefree WorkplacePolicy Coverage: the Current Population Tobacco Use Supplement, 1993 to 1999. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:680-686.
7. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, June 2006.
8. For a copy of Judge Kessler’s final opinion and other helpful materials, go to: http://tobaccofreekids.org/reports/doj/ .
9. United States of America et al. v. Philip Morris et al., Civil Action No. 99-2496 (GK), decided 8/17/06
10. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Change in Nicotine Yields 1998-2004. August 29, 2006. Available at: http://www.mass.gov/dph/mtcp/reports/nicotine_yields_1998_2004_report.pdf .
11. Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi. Press Release: Tobacco Prevention Continues to Save Lives. August 3, 2005. Available at: http://www.healthy-miss.org/pressroom.
12. Tauras, John A., et al. State Tobacco Control Spending and Youth Smoking. Am J Pub Health. February 2005, Vol. 95, No. 2.
13. Alpert RH, Carpenter C, Connolly GN, Rees V, Ferris GF. “Fire Safer” Cigarettes: The Effect of the New York State Cigarette Fire Safety Standard on Ignition Propensity, Smoke Toxicity and the Consumer Market. Harvard School of Public Health, January 24, 2005. Available at: http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/press/releases/cigarettes/cigarettes.pdf , accessed 9/1/2006.
14. Shay, Kevin J. “Butt Out: Companies are stamping out smoking to cut their medical costs and protect the health of employees.” Montgomery County Gazette. September 15, 2006.
15. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2004.
16. CDC. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – U.S. 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006; 55(42): 1145-1148.
17. CDC. Cigarette Smoking Among Adults – U.S. 2000; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51(29): 642-645.
18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, June 2006.
19. California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Part B: Health Effects. Sacramento (CA): California Environmental Protection Agency, office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2005.
20. Whincup PH, Gilg JA, Emberson JR et al. Passive Smoking and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke:Prospective Study with Cotinine Measurement. BMJ, 2004;329:200-205.
21. Pechacek TF, Babb S. How acute and reversible are the cardiovascular risks of secondhand smoke? BMJ. 2004;328;980-983.
22. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, June 2006.
23. Ibid.
24. California Environmental Protection Agency. Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant. Part B: Health Effects. Sacramento (CA): California Environmental Protection Agency, office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2005.
25. American Legacy Foundation, Secondhand Smoke: Youth Exposure and Adult Attitudes, First Look Report 14, January 2005.
26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, June 2006.
27. CDC. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, 2005.
28. Hammond SK. Exposure of U.S. workers to environmental tobacco smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1999; 107(supp. 2):329-340.
29. Shopland DR, Anderson CM, Burns DM, Gerlach KK. Disparities in smoke-free workplace policies among foodservice workers. J Occup Environ Med. 2004;46:347-56.
30. Siegel M and Skeer M. Exposure to secondhand smoke and excess lung cancer mortality risk among workers in the “5 B’s”: bars, bowling alleys, billiard halls, betting establishments and bingo parlors. Tob Control 2003; 12: 333-338.
31. Siegel M. Involuntary smoking in the restaurant workplace: a review of employee exposure and health effects. JAMA. 1993;270:490-493; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, June 2006.
32. American Lung Association State Legislated Actions on Tobacco Issues, as of January, 1, 2007. http://slati.lungusa.org.
33. Gerlach KK, Shopland DR, Hartman AM, Gibson JT, Pechacek TF. Workplace smoking policies in the UnitedStates: results from a national survey of more than 100,000 workers. Tob Control. 1997;6:199-206.
34. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, March 2000.
35. Remarks made by U.S. Surgeon General Richard Carmona at press conference on June 27, 2006.
36. National Cancer Institute. Population Based Smoking Cessation: Proceedings of a Conference on What Works to Influence Cessation in the General Population, Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph 12. NIH Pub. 00-4892, November 2000.
37. Farrelly MC, Nonemaker JM, Chou R, Hyland A, Peterson KK, Bauer UE. Changes in Hospitality Workers’ Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Following the Implementation of New York’s Smoke-free Law. Tob Control 2005; 14: 236-241.
38. Bartecchi C, Alsever RN, Nevin-Woods C, Thomas WM, Estacio RO, Bartelson BB, Krantz MJ. Reduction in the incidence of acute myocardial infarction associated with a citywide smoking ordinance. Circulation 2006;114(14):1450-1; Sargent RP, Shepard RM, Glantz SA. Reduced Incidence of Admissions for myocardial infarction associated with smoking ban: before and after study. BMJ 2004;328:977-80.
39. Bureau of Economic and Business Research. The Economic Impact of Florida’s Smoke-free Air Law. June 2004. Available at: http://www.smokefreeforhealth.org/pdf/economic%20study.pdf.
40. New York City Dep’t of Finance, New York City Dep’t of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York City Dep’t ofSmall Business Services, New York City Economic Development Corp. The State of Smoke-free New York City: A One-Year Review. March 2004. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/pdf/smoke/sfaa-2004repport.pdf.
41. Connolly, Gregory N., et al, “Evaluation of the Massachusetts Smoke-free Workplace Law.” Presented to: Harvard School of Public Health Tobacco Control Working Group. April 5, 2005.
42. From a survey of 1,000 registered voters conducted January 23, 2006 to February 1, 2006 by the Mellman Group Inc. on behalf of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Margin of error was +/- 3.3 percentage points.
43. Tauras John A, et al. State Tobacco Control Spending and Youth Smoking. Am J Public Health. February 2005, Vol 95, No. 2.
44. Ibid.
45. Calculated using data from: U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette Report for 2003. Issued 2005.
46. Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi. Press Release: Tobacco Prevention Continues to Save Lives. August 3, 2005. Available at: http://www.healthy-miss.org/pressroom.
47. Farrelly MC, Pechacek TF, Chaloupka FJ. The impact of tobacco control program expenditures on aggregate cigarette sales: 1981-2000. J Health Econ. 2003;22:843-859.
48. Farrelly M, et al. Evidence of a Dose-Response Relationship Between “Truth” Antismoking Ads and YouthSmoking Prevalence, Am J Pub Health/Vol. 95, No. 3, March 2005.
49. Emery S, et al. Televised State-Sponsored Antitobacco Advertising and Youth Smoking Beliefs and Behavior in the United States, 1999-2000. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med/Vol 159, July 2005.
50. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Effect of Ending an Antitobacco Youth Campaign on Adolescent Susceptibility to Cigarette Smoking—Minnesota 2002-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004;53(14):301-304.
51. Washington State Department of Health. News Release: Washington Youth Smoking Rates Drop Again;Thousands Fewer Lighting Up. March 30, 2005. Available at: http://www.doh.wa.gov/Publicat/2005_news/05-030.htm.
52. Reuell P. State Blames Store for Tobacco Sales to Kids. Metro West Daily News (Framingham, MA), March 17, 2004. Available at: http://www.tobaccofreemass.org/compliance.php.
53. Maine Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data for 1997 and 2005.
54. Tauras, J., et al., “Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis,” Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
55. CDC. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:300-303.
56. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Report. 2005. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.
57. Ibid.
58. CDC. Response to Increases in Cigarette Prices by Race/Ethnicity, Income, and Age Groups—United States, 1976-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47:605-609.
59. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Report. 2005. Available at: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr/pr062-05.shtml.
60. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use among Young People: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1994.
61. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2005). Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-28, DHHS Publication No. SMA 05-4062). Rockville, MD.
62. U.S. Federal Trade Commission. Cigarette Report for 2003. Issued 2005.
63. CDC. Tobacco Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media Among Middle School Students – United States, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 54(12): 297-301.
64. National Youth Smoking Cessation 12-Month Follow-up Survey of 17-26 year old smokers: n = 1,603; Assessing Hard Core Smoking Survey of adult smokers 25 years and older: n = 867. Obtained from: Gary A. Giovino, Jun Yang, Cindy Tworek, K. Michael Cummings, Richard J. O’Connor, Kathleen Donohue, Dianne Barker, Larry Hawk. “Use of Flavored Cigarettes Among Older Adolescent and Adult Smokers: United States 2004.” Powerpoint Presentation to the 2005 National Conference on Tobacco or Health, Chicago, IL, May 6, 2005.
65. Ribisl KM, Williams RS, Kim AE. Internet Sales of Cigarettes to Minors. JAMA. 2003:290:1356-1359.
66. Tauras J, et al. Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: a National LongitudinalAnalysis. Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen. April 24, 2001.
67. CDC. Cigarette Use Among High School Students – United States, 1991-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006, 55(26): 724-726.
68. American Legacy Foundation. Press Release: Cigarette Sales in U.S. Reach Historic 55-Year Low, but the Battle is Far from Over. March 10, 2006. Available at: http://www.americanlegacy.org/561.htm.
69. CDC. Tobacco Use Among Adults – United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 55(42): 1145-1148.
70. American Legacy Foundation. Press Release: Cigarette Sales in U.S. Reach Historic 55-Year Low, but the Battle is Far from Over. March 10, 2006. Available at: http://www.americanlegacy.org/561.htm.
Methodology
1. Data on local ordinances is provided by Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation.
2. There is general consensus among tobacco researchers that every 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes decreases cigarette consumption by four percent in adults and seven percent in children. Tauras, J, et al. “Effects of Price and Access Laws on Teenage Smoking Initiation: A National Longitudinal Analysis,” Bridging the Gap Research, ImpacTeen, April 24, 2001.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs—United States, 1995-1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002: 51:300-303. |
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