Health Effects of Ozone and Particle Pollution

1. Bell ML, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM, Dominici F. Ozone and short-term mortality in 95 US urban communities, 1987-2000. JAMA 2004; 292:2372-2378.

2. Gryparis A, Forsberg B, Katsouyanni K et al. Acute Effects of Ozone on Mortality from the “Air Pollution and Health: a European approach” project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 1080-1087.

3. Bell ML, Dominici F, and Samet JM. A Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Ozone and Mortality with Comparison to the National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Epidemiology 2005; 16:436-445. Levy JI, Chermerynski SM, Sarnat JA. Ozone Exposure and Mortality: an empiric Bayes metaregression analysis. Epidemiology 2005; 16:458-468. Ito K, De Leon SF, Lippmann M. Associations Between Ozone and Daily Mortality: analysis and meta-analysis. Epidemiology 2005; 16:446-429.

4. Bates DV. Ambient Ozone and Mortality. Epidemiology 2005; 16:427-429.

5. Gent JF, Triche EW, Holford TR, Belanger K, Bracken MB, Beckett WS, Leaderer BP. Association of Low-Level Ozone and Fine Particles with Respiratory Symptoms in Children with Asthma. JAMA 2003; 290:1859-1867. Desqueyroux H, Pujet JC, Prosper M, Squinazi F, Momas I. Short-Term Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution on Respiratory Health of Adults Suffering from Moderate to Severe Asthma. Environ Res 2002; 89:29-37; Burnett RT, Brook JR, Yung WT, Dales RE, Krewski D. Association between Ozone and Hospitalization for Respiratory Diseases in 16 Canadian Cities. Environ Res 1997;72:24-31. Medina-Ramón M, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. The Effect of Ozone and PM₁₀ on Hospital Admissions for Pneumonia and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: a national multicity study. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 163(6):579-588.

6. Chan C-C, Wu T-H. Effects of Ambient Ozone Exposure on Mail Carriers’ Peak Expiratory Flow Rates. Environ Health Perspec 2005; 113:735-738. Tager IB, Balmes, Lurmann F, Ngo L, Alcorn S, and Küenzli. Chronic Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Lung Function in Young Adults. Epidemiology 2005; 16:751-759.

7. Desqueyroux H, Pujet JC, Prosper M, Le Moullec Y, Momas I. Effects of Air Pollution on Adults with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Arch Environ Health 2002; 57:554-560. Höppe P. Peters A, Rabe G, Praml G, Lindner J, Jakobi G, Fruhmann G, Nowak D. Environmental Ozone Effects in Different Population Subgroups. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206:505-516.

8. Rich DQ, Mittleman MA, Link MS, Schwartz J, Luttmann-Gibson H, Catalano PJ, Speizer FE, Gold DR, and Dockery DW. Increased Risk of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Episodes Associated with Acute Increases in Ambient Air Pollution. Environ Health Perspec 2006; 114:120-123.

9. Ruidavets J-B, Cournot M, Cassadou S, Giroux M, Meybeck M, Ferrières. Ozone Air Pollution is Associated with Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2005; 111:563-569.

10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Quality Criteria for Particulate Matter, October 2004.

11. U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

12. U.S. EPA, The Particle Pollution Report: current understanding of air quality and emissions through 2003. 2004. p. 3.

13. U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

14. U.S. EPA. Air Quality Criteria, 2004.

15. van Eeden SF, Yeung A, Quinlam K, and Hogg JC. Systemic Response to Ambient Particulate Matter: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2005; 2:61-67.

16. Pope CA, Dockery DW. Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: lines that connect. J Air Waste Mange Assoc 2006; 56:709-742.

17. Pope and Dockery, 2006.

18. Zanobetti A, Schwartz J, Samoli E, Gryparis A, Tuoloumi G, Peacock J, Anderson RH, Le Tertre A, Bobros J, Celko M, Goren A, Forsberg B, Michelozzi P, Rabczenko D, Perez Hoyos S, Wichmann HE, Katsouyanni K. The Temporal Pattern of Respiratory and Heart Disease Mortality in Response to Air Pollution. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111:1188-1193. Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. Airborne Particulate Matter and Mortality: timescale effects in four US cities. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157:1055-1065.

19. Dominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM. On the Use of Generalized Additive Models in Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Health. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 156:193-203.

20. Hong, Y.-C., Lee J.-T., Kim, H., Ha, E.-H., Schwartz, J., and Christiani, D.C. Effects of Air Pollutants on Acute Stroke Mortality. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:187-191.

21. Tsai SS, Goggins WB, Chiu HF, Yang CY. Evidence for an Association Between Air Pollution and Daily Stroke Admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Stroke 2003; 34: 2612-6.

22.Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Among Medicare Beneficiaries. Stroke 2005; 36:2549-2553.

23. Pope and Dockery, 2006.

24. D’Ippoliti D, Forastiere F, Ancona C, Agabity N, Fusco D, Michelozzi P, Perucci CA. Air Pollution and Myocardial Infarction in Rome: a case-crossover analysis. Epidemiology 2003;14:528-535. Zanobetti A, Schwartz J. The Effect of Particulate Air Pollution on Emergency Admissions for Myocardial Infarction: a multicity case-crossover analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:978-982.

25. Ghio AJ, Kim C, Devlin RB. Concentrated Ambient Air Particles Induce Mild Pulmonary Inflammation in Healthy Human Volunteers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162(3 Pt 1):981-988.

26. Metzger KB, Tolbert PE, Klein M, Peel JL, Flanders WD, Todd K, Mulholland JA, Ryan PB, Frumkin H. Ambient Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Emergency Department Visits in Atlanta, Georgia, 1993-2000. Epidemiology 2004; 15: 46-56.

27. Tsai, 2003.

28.Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, and Mittleman MA. Particulate Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Congestive Heart Failure in Seven United States Cities. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97 (3):404-408. Wellenius GA, Bateson TF, Mittleman MA, Schwartz J. Particulate Air Pollution and the Rate of Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure among Medicare Beneficiaries in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Am J Epidem 2005; 161:1030-1036.

29.Van Den Eeden SK, Quesenberry CP Jr, Shan J, Lurmann F. Particulate Air Pollution and Morbidity in the California Central Valley: a high particulate pollution region. Final Report to the California Air Resources Board, 2002.

30. Lin M, Chen Y, Burnett RT, Villeneuve PJ, Kerwski D. The Influence of Ambient Coarse Particulate Matter on Asthma Hospitalization in Children: case-crossover and time-series analyses. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110:575-581.

31. Norris G, Young Pong SN, Koenig JQ, Larson TV, Sheppard L, Stout JW. An Association Between Fine Particles and Asthma Emergency Department Visits for Children in Seattle. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107:489-493.

32. Tolbert PE, Mulholland JA, MacIntosh DD, Xu F, Daniels D, Devine OJ, Carlin BP, Klein M, Dorley J, Butler AJ, Nordenberg DF, Frumkin H, Ryan PB, White MC. Air Quality and Pediatric Emergency Room Visits for Asthma in Atlanta, Georgia. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151:798-810.

33. Slaughter JC, Lumley T, Sheppard L, Koenig JQ, Shapiro, GG. Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Symptom Severity and Medication Use in Children with Asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 91:346-353.

34. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, Spengler JD, Ware JH, Fay ME, Ferris BG, Speizer FE. An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities. NEJM 1993; 329:1753-1759. Pope CA, Thun MJ, Namboodiri MM, Dockery DW, Evans JS, Speizer FE, Heath CW. Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151:669-674.

35. Pope CA III. Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: biological mechanisms and who’s at risk? Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: 713-723.

36. Lin S, Munsie JP, Hwang SA, Fitzerald E, Cayo MR. Childhood Asthma Hospitalization and Residential Exposure to State Route Traffic. Environ Res 2002; 88:73-81.

37. Gauderman WJ, Vora H, McConnell R, Berhane K, Gilliland GF, Thomas D, Lurmann F, Avol E, Kuenzli N, Jarrett M, Peters J. Effect of Exposure to Traffic on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age: a cohort study. Lancet 2007; 369:571-577.

38. Gauderman WJ, Gilliland GF, Vora H, Avol E, Stram D, McConnell R, Thomas D, Lurmann F, Margolis HG, Rappaport EB, Berhane K, Peters JM. Association between Air Pollution and Lung Function Growth in Southern California Children: results from a second cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:76-84.

39. Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Gilliland F, Vora H, Thomas D, Berhane K, McConnell R, Kuenzli N, Lurmann F, Rappaport E, Margolis H, Bates D, Peters J. The effect of air pollution on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age. NEJM 2004; 351:1057-1067.

40. Churg, A Brauer, M, Avila-Casado, MdC, Fortoul TI, Wright JL. Chronic Exposure to High Levels of Particulate Air Pollution and Small Airway Remodeling. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111: 714-718.

41. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung Cancer, Cardiopulmonary Mortality, and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution, JAMA 2002; 287(9):1132-1141.

42. Pope CA III, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Godleski JJ. Cardiovascular Mortality and Yearround Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation 2004; 109:71-77.

43. Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Ma R, Pope CA III, Kerewski D, Newbold KB, Thurston G, Shi Y, Finkelstein N, Calle EE, Thun MJ. Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles. Epidemiology 2005; 16:727-736.

44. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Shepard L, Shepherd K, Sullivan JH, Anderson GL, Kaufman JD. Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events in Women. NEJM 2007; 356: 447-458.

45. Miller, 2007. O’Neill MS, Veves A, Zanobetti A, Sarnat JA, Gold DR, Economides PA, Horton ES, Schwartz J. Diabetes Enhances Vulnerability to Particulate Air Pollution-Associated Impairment in Vascular Reactivity and Endothelial Function. Circulation 2005; 111:2913-2920. Zanobetti, A., and Schwartz, J. Are Diabetics More Susceptible to the Health Effects of Airborne Particles? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 831-833. Zanobetti, A., Schwartz, J. Cardiovascular Damage by Airborne Particles: are diabetics more susceptible? National Research Council, National Academies of Science. Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: IV. Continuing Research Progress 2004.

46. Dietert RR, Etzel RA, Chen D, et al. Workshop to Identify Critical Windows of Exposure for Children’s Health: immune and respiratory systems workgroup summary. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108 (supp 3); 483-490.

47. Binková B, Bobak M., Chatterjee A, Chauhan AJ, Dejmek J, Dockery DW, Everard M, Forastiere F, Gilliland F, Holgate S, Johnston S, Krzyzanowski M, Kuna-Dibbert B, Maynard R, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Samet J, Schneider J, Skerrett PJ, Srám RJ, Walters D, Weiland SK, Winneke G. WHO Monograph: the Effects of Air Pollution on Children’s Health and Development: a review of the evidence. WHO Regional Office for Europe 2004. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/air/activities/20060421_1.

48. WHO Monograph, 2004.

49. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health, Ambient Air Pollution: health hazards to children. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1699-1707.

50. WHO Monograph, 2004.

51. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004.

52. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2004.

53. Sagiv SK, Mendola P, Loomis D, Herring AH, Neas LM, Savitz DA, Poole C. A Time Series Analysis of Air Pollution and Preterm Birth in Pennsylvania, 1997-2001. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:602-606.

54. Bocskay KA, Orjuela MA, Dang D, Liu X, Warburton, DP, Perera FP. Chromosomal Aberrations in Cord Blood Are Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Carcinogenic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 2005; 14:506-511.

55. Hertz-Picciotto I, Herr CEW, Yap P-S, Dostal M, Shumway RH, Ashwood P, Lipsett M, Joad JP, Sram, RJ. Air Pollution and Lymphocyte Phenotype Proportions in Cord Blood. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113(10):1391-1398.

56. Gent JF, Triche EW, Holford TR, Belanger K, Bracken MB, Beckett WS, Leaderer BP. Association of Low-Level Ozone and Fine Particles with Respiratory Symptoms in Children with Asthma. JAMA 2003; 290:1859-1867.

57. Thurston GD, Bates DV. Air Pollution as an Underappreciated Cause of Asthma Symptoms. JAMA 2003; 290:1915-1917.

58. McConnell R, Berhane K Gilliland F, London SJ, Islam T, Gauderman WJ, Avol E, Margolis HG, Peters JM. Asthma in Exercising Children Exposed to Ozone. Lancet 2002; 359:386-391.

59. Gauderman, NEJM 2004.

60. Galizia A, Kinney PL. Year-round Residence in Areas of High Ozone: association with respiratory health in a nationwide sample of nonsmoking young adults. Environ Health Perspect 1999;107:675-679.

61. Peters JM, Avol E, Gauderman WJ, Linn WS, Navidi W, London SJ, Margolis H, Rappaport E, Vora H, Gong H, Thomas DC. A Study of Twelve Southern California  Communities with Differing Levels and Types of Air Pollution. II. Effects on Pulmonary Function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159:768-775.

62. Sugiri D, Ranft U, Schikowski T, Krämer U. The Influence of Large Scale Airborne Particle Decline and Traffic Related Exposure on Children’s Lung Function. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:282-288.

63. Bayer-Oglesby L, Grize L, Gassner M, Takken-Sahli K, Sennhauser FH, Neu U, Schindler C, Braun-Fahrländer C. Decline of Ambient Air Pollution Levels and Improved Respiratory Health in Swiss Children. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:1632-1637.

64. Friedman MS, Powell KE, Hutwagner L, Graham LM, Teague WG. Impact of Changes in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors During the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on Air Quality and Childhood Asthma. JAMA 2001; 285:897-905.

65. Kim JJ, Smorodinsky S, Lipsett M, Singer BC, Hodgson AT, Ostro B. Traffic-related air pollution near busy roads. Amer J Resp Crit Care Med 2004; 170:520-526.

66. Gauderrnan WJ, Avol A, Lurmann F, Kuenzli N, Gilliland F, Peters J, McConnell R. Childhood Asthma and Exposure to Traffic and Nitrogen Dioxide. Epidemiology 2005; 16:737-743.

67. Finklestein MM, Jerrett M., Sears M.R. Traffic Air Pollution and Mortality Rate Advancement Periods. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160:173-177; Hoek G, Brunkreef B, Goldbohn S, Fischer P, van den Brandt. Associations between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study. Lancet 2002; 360:1203-1209.

68. Peters A, von Klot S, Heier M. Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction. NEJM; 351: 1721-1730.

Protecting the Nation from Air Pollution

1. Dr. Rogene Henderson. on behalf of the Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee to Stephen L. Johnson, Ph.D., Administrator, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. October 26, 2006. Posted at http://www.epa.gov/sab/pdf/casac-07-001.pdf.

2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Review of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information. OAQPS Staff Paper. January 31, 2007. Posted at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/ozone/data/2007_01_ozone_staff_paper.pdf.

3. Whitman vs. American Trucking Associations, Inc. 121 S. Ct. 2001.

4. The American Lung Association and other public health, medical societies and environmental groups had recommended a daily standard of 25 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³) and an annual standard of 12 µg/m³. However, EPA adopted a daily standard of 35 µg/m³ and retained the annual standard of 15 µg/m³.

5. U. S. EPA Air Emissions Trends: Continued Progress Through 2005. Read February 19, 2007 at http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/econ-emissions.html.

6. Friedman MS, Powell KE, Hutwagner L, Graham LM, Teague WG. Impact of Changes in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors During the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on Air Quality and Childhood Asthma. JAMA 2001; 285:897-905.

7. Abt Associates. Power Plant Emissions: Particulate Matter-related Health Damages and the Benefits of Alternative Reduction Scenarios. Prepared for the Clean Air Task Force. 2004.

8. U.S. EPA NOx Budget Trading Program: 2005 Program Compliance and Environmental Results. September 2006. http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/2006/ozonenbp/

9. U.S. EPA, 2006.

10. U.S. EPA, 2006.

11. U. S. EPA. Clean Air Interstate Rule. Basic information. http://www.epa.gov/cair/basic.html. Downloaded March 11, 2005.

12. U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. State of New York et al v. Environmental Protection Agency. March 17, 2006.

13. 69 Federal Register 39153, www.epa.gov/otaq/url-fr/fr29jn04.pdf.

14. U.S. EPA. Nonroad Equipment, Engines and Vehicles: Locomotives. March 2007. at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/locomotv.htm.

15. U.S. EPA. Nonroad Equipment, Engines and Vehicles: Diesel Boats and Ships. March 2007. at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/marine.htm.

16. U.S. EPA. Regulatory Announcement: EPA Proposal for More Stringent Emissions Standards for Locomotive and Marine Compression-Ignition Engines. EPA420-F-07-015, March 2007. At http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/nonroad/420f07015.htm

17. U.S. EPA. Regulatory Announcement, March 2007.

18. U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Tracking New Coal-Fired Power Plants: Coal’s Resurgence in Electric Power Generation, January 24, 2007. http://www.netl.doe.gov/coal/refshelf/ncp.pdf.

19. Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM). Assessment of Outdoor Wood-fired Boilers, March 2006.

20. Johnson PRS. In-Field Ambient Fine Particle Monitoring of an Outdoor Wood Boiler: Public Health Concerns. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2006; 12: 1153-1170.

21. U.S. EPA. Outdoor Wood Hydronic Heaters Program. January 29, 2007. At http://www.epa.gov/owhh/index.htm.

22. NESCAUM, Outdoor Hydronic Heaters, January 29, 2007. At http://www.nescaum.org/topics/outdoor-hydronic-heaters.